📚 Akademik Kelimeler (AWL)
Academic Word List (AWL), üniversite düzeyindeki akademik metinlerde en sık geçen kelime aileleridir. YDS'nin okuma ve gramer bölümlerinde bu listenin %60'ına yakını karşınıza çıkar.
| Kelime | Tür | Türkçe Anlam | Örnek Cümle |
|---|---|---|---|
| analyse / analyze | fiil | analiz etmek, incelemek | The researchers analysed the data carefully. |
| approach | isim/fiil | yaklaşım; yaklaşmak | A new approach to learning languages was proposed. |
| assess | fiil | değerlendirmek, ölçmek | The committee assessed the risks involved. |
| assume | fiil | varsaymak, kabul etmek | We cannot assume that all students learn the same way. |
| attribute | fiil/isim | atfetmek; özellik | The success was attributed to teamwork. |
| category | isim | kategori, sınıf | The findings fall into two broad categories. |
| concept | isim | kavram, konsept | The concept of democracy has evolved over centuries. |
| constitute | fiil | oluşturmak, teşkil etmek | Women constitute 52% of the population. |
| context | isim | bağlam, ortam | The word must be understood in context. |
| contrast | isim/fiil | karşıtlık; karşılaştırmak | In contrast to the earlier study, this one shows... |
| derive | fiil | türetmek, elde etmek | The word is derived from Latin. |
| distinct | sıfat | belirgin, ayrı, farklı | The two species have distinct characteristics. |
| emerge | fiil | ortaya çıkmak, belirmek | A new theory has emerged in recent years. |
| empirical | sıfat | ampirik, deneyime dayalı | Empirical evidence is essential in science. |
| establish | fiil | kurmak, oluşturmak, kanıtlamak | The study established a clear link between diet and health. |
| evident | sıfat | açık, belirgin, aşikar | It is evident that more research is needed. |
| factor | isim | etken, faktör | Several factors contributed to the decline. |
| fundamental | sıfat | temel, köklü | This is a fundamental problem in the theory. |
| hypothesis | isim | hipotez, varsayım | The hypothesis was tested through experiments. |
| imply | fiil | ima etmek, anlamına gelmek | The results imply that the treatment is effective. |
| indicate | fiil | göstermek, belirtmek | The data indicate a significant difference. |
| inherent | sıfat | doğasında olan, özünde var olan | There are inherent risks in every experiment. |
| interpret | fiil | yorumlamak, açıklamak | How we interpret the findings depends on context. |
| investigate | fiil | araştırmak, soruşturmak | Scientists investigated the causes of the outbreak. |
| maintain | fiil | sürdürmek, savunmak, iddia etmek | The author maintains that the theory is flawed. |
| mechanism | isim | mekanizma, sistem | The mechanism behind this process is not yet clear. |
| notion | isim | kavram, fikir, anlayış | The notion of progress is culturally defined. |
| perspective | isim | bakış açısı, perspektif | From a historical perspective, this is significant. |
| predominant | sıfat | baskın, hâkim, egemen | English is the predominant language in academia. |
| principle | isim | ilke, prensip | The principle of equality is central to democracy. |
| reveal | fiil | ortaya koymak, açığa çıkarmak | The study reveals surprising patterns. |
| significant | sıfat | önemli, anlamlı, belirgin | There was a significant increase in temperature. |
| subsequent | sıfat | sonraki, ardından gelen | Subsequent studies confirmed these findings. |
| substantial | sıfat | önemli miktarda, büyük, kayda değer | There was substantial evidence for the theory. |
| variable | isim/sıfat | değişken; değişebilir | Several variables were controlled in the experiment. |
🔗 Bağlaçlar ve Geçiş İfadeleri
YDS okuma sorularında cevabı bağlam içinde bulmak için metindeki bağlaçları hızlıca tanımak kritik önem taşır. Bu ifadeler anlam ilişkilerini (neden-sonuç, karşıtlık, örnekleme) belirler.
| İfade | İşlev | Türkçe Karşılık | Kullanım |
|---|---|---|---|
| although / even though | zıtlık | her ne kadar ... olsa da | Although the results were promising, the study had limitations. |
| however | zıtlık | ancak, bununla birlikte | The theory was widely accepted. However, new evidence challenged it. |
| nevertheless / nonetheless | zıtlık | buna karşın, yine de | The task was difficult; nevertheless, they succeeded. |
| whereas / while | karşılaştırma | oysa, -iken | Mammals are warm-blooded, whereas reptiles are not. |
| in contrast | karşılaştırma | buna karşın, aksine | In contrast to earlier studies, this research shows... |
| therefore / thus / hence | sonuç | bu nedenle, dolayısıyla | The sample was small; therefore, the results are not conclusive. |
| consequently / as a result | sonuç | sonuç olarak, bunun sonucunda | Deforestation increased; consequently, biodiversity declined. |
| because / since / as | neden | çünkü, -dığı için | Since the data was incomplete, the study was repeated. |
| due to / owing to | neden | nedeniyle, -den dolayı | Due to climate change, sea levels are rising. |
| furthermore / moreover / in addition | ekleme | ayrıca, bunun yanı sıra | The drug was effective. Furthermore, it had few side effects. |
| for instance / for example | örnekleme | örneğin, mesela | Many animals migrate. For instance, birds fly south in winter. |
| in other words / that is | açıklama | başka bir deyişle, yani | The process is irreversible — in other words, it cannot be undone. |
| provided that / as long as | koşul | -dığı sürece, şartıyla | Provided that the conditions are met, growth will continue. |
| unless | koşul | -madıkça, eğer ... değilse | Unless steps are taken, the problem will worsen. |
| despite / in spite of | zıtlık | -e rağmen, karşın | Despite the challenges, the project was completed on time. |
🔬 Bilim ve Teknoloji
YDS'nin önemli bir kısmı fen bilimleri pasajlarından oluşur. Fizik, kimya, biyoloji ve teknoloji metinlerinde bu kelimeleri tanımak okuma hızınızı ciddi oranda artırır.
| Kelime | Tür | Türkçe Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| accelerate | fiil | hızlandırmak | Technology has accelerated the pace of change. |
| adjacent | sıfat | bitişik, komşu, yakın | The two cells are adjacent to each other. |
| amplify | fiil | yükseltmek, güçlendirmek | The signal was amplified before transmission. |
| catalyst | isim | katalizör, tetikleyici | The enzyme acts as a catalyst in this reaction. |
| compound | isim/sıfat | bileşik; birleşik | Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. |
| deteriorate | fiil | kötüleşmek, bozulmak | Air quality continues to deteriorate in urban areas. |
| diminish | fiil | azalmak, küçülmek | The effect diminishes over time. |
| emit | fiil | yaymak, salmak (ışık, gaz vb.) | The sun emits vast amounts of energy. |
| evolve | fiil | evrimleşmek, gelişmek | Humans evolved from earlier primates. |
| fluctuate | fiil | dalgalanmak, değişkenlik göstermek | Temperatures fluctuate widely in desert regions. |
| generate | fiil | üretmek, oluşturmak | Solar panels generate electricity from sunlight. |
| immune | sıfat | bağışık, korunaklı | The body's immune system fights infection. |
| inhibit | fiil | engellemek, baskılamak | The drug inhibits bacterial growth. |
| integrate | fiil | bütünleştirmek, entegre etmek | The new system integrates all previous functions. |
| isolate | fiil | izole etmek, ayırt etmek | Scientists isolated the virus from the sample. |
| molecule | isim | molekül | A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms. |
| organism | isim | organizma, canlı | Single-celled organisms were the first life forms. |
| properties | isim | özellikler, nitelikler | The chemical properties of the element were studied. |
| simulate | fiil | simüle etmek, taklit etmek | Computers can simulate complex weather patterns. |
| transmit | fiil | iletmek, yaymak | The disease is transmitted through water. |
🌍 Sosyal Bilimler ve Ekonomi
Sosyoloji, iktisat, siyaset bilimi ve psikoloji metinleri YDS'de önemli yer tutar. Bu kategorideki kelimeler genellikle soyut kavramları ifade eder.
| Kelime | Tür | Türkçe Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| allocate | fiil | tahsis etmek, paylaştırmak | Resources must be allocated efficiently. |
| ambiguous | sıfat | belirsiz, muğlak, çift anlamlı | The law was ambiguous and open to interpretation. |
| commodity | isim | emtia, mal, ticari ürün | Oil is a vital global commodity. |
| compliance | isim | uyum, riayet | Compliance with regulations is mandatory. |
| consequence | isim | sonuç, netice | The consequences of poverty are wide-ranging. |
| criteria | isim | kriter, ölçüt (çoğul) | The selection criteria were clearly defined. |
| domain | isim | alan, etki alanı | Education falls within the public domain. |
| exploit | fiil | sömürmek; işletmek, yararlanmak | Natural resources should not be exploited carelessly. |
| facilitate | fiil | kolaylaştırmak, mümkün kılmak | Technology facilitates communication across borders. |
| hierarchy | isim | hiyerarşi, üst-ast düzeni | A rigid hierarchy was maintained in the organization. |
| ideology | isim | ideoloji, dünya görüşü | Political ideology shapes policy decisions. |
| inequality | isim | eşitsizlik | Income inequality has grown in recent decades. |
| legislation | isim | mevzuat, yasal düzenleme | New legislation was passed to protect workers. |
| migrate | fiil | göç etmek | Millions of people migrate in search of better lives. |
| phenomenon | isim | fenomen, olgu | Globalisation is a complex social phenomenon. |
| prevail | fiil | yaygın olmak, geçerli olmak, üstün gelmek | Traditional values still prevail in rural areas. |
| regime | isim | rejim, yönetim biçimi | The authoritarian regime suppressed free speech. |
| sustainable | sıfat | sürdürülebilir | Sustainable development balances growth and environment. |
| underlying | sıfat | altta yatan, temel | The underlying cause of the conflict was economic. |
| virtually | zarf | neredeyse, fiilen, sanal olarak | Virtually all participants agreed with the findings. |
🧬 Tıp ve Biyoloji
Sağlık, tıp ve biyoloji pasajları YDS'de her yıl karşılaşılan konu alanlarındandır. Özellikle hastalık mekanizmaları, ilaç etkileri ve evrimsel biyoloji metinleri sıkça çıkar.
| Kelime | Tür | Türkçe Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| acute | sıfat | akut, ani ve şiddetli; keskin | The patient suffered acute chest pain. |
| chronic | sıfat | kronik, süreğen | Chronic stress leads to serious health problems. |
| diagnose | fiil | teşhis koymak | The condition was diagnosed early. |
| dominant | sıfat | baskın, dominant | The dominant gene determines eye colour. |
| hereditary | sıfat | kalıtsal, genetik | The disease is hereditary and runs in families. |
| metabolism | isim | metabolizma | Exercise increases the metabolic rate. |
| pathogen | isim | patojen, hastalık yapıcı | Bacteria and viruses are common pathogens. |
| prevalent | sıfat | yaygın, sık görülen | Obesity is increasingly prevalent in developed nations. |
| susceptible | sıfat | duyarlı, yatkın, savunmasız | Elderly people are more susceptible to infection. |
| symptom | isim | belirti, semptom | Fever is a common symptom of viral infections. |
🌿 Çevre ve Ekoloji
İklim değişikliği, biyoçeşitlilik ve sürdürülebilirlik YDS'de giderek daha fazla yer bulan konulardır. Bu alana ait kelime dağarcığı son yıllarda önem kazanmıştır.
| Kelime | Tür | Türkçe Anlam | Örnek |
|---|---|---|---|
| biodiversity | isim | biyoçeşitlilik | Tropical forests contain remarkable biodiversity. |
| contaminate | fiil | kirletmek, bulaştırmak | Industrial waste has contaminated the river. |
| deplete | fiil | tüketmek, azaltmak | Overfishing has depleted many fish stocks. |
| ecosystem | isim | ekosistem | Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems. |
| emission | isim | salım, emisyon | Carbon emissions must be reduced urgently. |
| extinction | isim | nesli tükenme | Many species face extinction due to habitat loss. |
| fertile | sıfat | verimli, bereketli | The Nile Delta has extremely fertile soil. |
| habitat | isim | habitat, yaşam alanı | Deforestation destroys the natural habitat of many species. |
| renewable | sıfat | yenilenebilir | Solar and wind are renewable energy sources. |
| vulnerable | sıfat | savunmasız, kırılgan | Coastal communities are vulnerable to rising sea levels. |
🎯 YDS Kelime Çalışma Stratejisi
Kelime ezberlemek tek başına yeterli değil. YDS'de kelimelerin bağlam içindeki anlamını kavramak, sözcük ailelerini tanımak ve sınavda zaman yönetimini doğru kurmak kritik öneme sahiptir.